Statistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Statistics - Research Paper Example On average a U.S. adult in-takes twenty two teaspoons of sugar each day, as reported by the American Heart Association, while teens ingest thirty four teaspoons. Around seventeen percent of teens and children in America are obese, and the consumption of sugar has been tripled across the globe during the past fifty years. It has been argued by the researchers that intake of sugar does not only provide a source of empty calories but its consumption may cause the attack of continuing diseases. They can’t be considered as simply calories as developing scientific evidence is demonstrating that fructose can activate processes that extend to liver toxicity and could provide a source of other continual diseases. However consumed in small quantity does not creates problem but too much consumption may slowly lead to death. Research suggests that surplus sugar can modify metabolism, damage liver and elevate blood pressure. In addition, it can have a substantial impact on human mind. It h as also been suggested by research that sugar triggers similar pathways as conventional drugs like heroin and morphine. It has also been suggested by the researchers that various interventions led by government-led that have resulted in reduced tobacco and alcohol consumption can be utilized as models for handling the problem caused by sugar: controlling access, constraining licensing requirements, imposing extraordinary sales taxes on snack bars and vending machines (Horowitz, 2012). Food markets had been intervened by government by the imposition of agricultural taxes and subsidies but all such interventions lacked any association with health. The imposition of fat taxes has provoked several contradicting opinions among interest groups, researchers, general public as well as politicians. Beside the thought that the imposition of a tax on high-calorie food may cause consumers to substitute unhealthy food products with their healthy alternatives, an essential financial motivation ma y also be provided to fast-food restaurants and other food manufacturers to review the dietetic content of the food offered by them. Price is a significant determining factor of diet and food choices. It has been predicted by the economic theory that with the increase in the price of a commodity will lead to the decline in its consumption. Therefore enhancing unhealthy foods prices by imposition of taxation should result in declined consumption of such foods. Experimental data indicate that consumption of food is comparatively unaffected by the changes in price. Furthermore, upon increasing the price of one good, the consumption of complementary products will also decline while the consumption of their substituting commodities increases. Research objectives To explore the impact of income on the body weight of individuals To explore the impact of increased prices of high-calorie food products on the weight of the body of individuals To explore the impact of income and price on the w eight of an individual’s body To what extent Animal Assisted therapy helps nursing home patients. Hypothesis In this study, there are two independent variables i.e., income and price; and one dependent variable i.e. Body weight. Therefore, the hypothesis drawn is as follows. Ho: The human body weight can be

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir Research Paper

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir significancefor Martiangeology - Research Paper Example Rover missions sent to Mars and consequent investigations of the evidence found from the planet, have revealed extensive geochemical evidence regarding the presence of standing bodies of water early in the history of Mars. Geochemical archives in lake sediments provide information that aligns with the geological features of Mars. Various acidic saline lakes in Australia, the United States and other countries are analogous with the rocks and soil qualities of planet Mars. The conditions of regional acid saline lakes will be discussed, and terrestrial hematite concretions will be compared with those found on earth. Amino acids are the key to terrestrial biochemistry, widely prevalent in terrestrial life, and easlily identified by means of advanced instruments and technology. For this reason, amino acids are ideal as a biomolecular class, to use for planetary exploration. How chemical biosignatures in amino acids can help to indicate life in Mars will be examined. Introduction â€Å"Un derstanding lake chemistry is critical for correctly interpreting the geochemical archives of lake deposits† (Cohen 69). The presence of elements and isotopes in lakes are closely associated with external climatic and watershed processes. The concentrations of solutes determine the distribution of organisms, and the precipitation or dissolution of mineral phases. Sedimentary archives develop from both fossils and minerals, and interpreting aspects of ancient water chemistry from these records may enable the reconstruction of paleoclimate or activity prior to the presence of human life around the lake. Similarly, the interpretation of isotopic records require a preliminary understanding of their behavior in lakes, and its relationship with external factors such as rainfall or nutrient discharge. Paleolimnology is the study of past conditions or processes of ancient lakes, and of the sediments and history of existing lakes It is recognized that lakes probably existed on Mars and on other planets of the solar system. This invites the next generation of paleolimnologists with tremendous opportunities â€Å"to apply terrestrially gained knowledge of how ‘small’ water bodies record their histories through their sedimentary records† (Cohen 398). Planetary geologists would require the paleolimnological literature to help them interpret these records. However, geologists should be proactive in suggesting the ways in which such deposits should be explored. They are also required to devise analog studies of lake histories from extreme terrestrial environments that replicate those of other planets like Mars. Research that specifically target lakes increase the signals of interest, providing the most highly resolved temporal records possible. Rapid advances in the accuracy of dating lake sediments is expected to play a critical role in advancing paleolimnology, permitting an increasing refinement in the interpretation of time series data and to us e those data to test quantitative model predictions. Cohen (p.398) asserts that the swiftly developing field of paleolimnology works towards making exciting discoveries. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate chemical and sedimentary processes in acidic saline lakes and their significance for Martian geology. Evidence of the Presence of Water in the Early History of Mars â€Å"

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homeland Security - Essay Example As is always the case, individual rights cede way to national security concerns and not vice versa. While public order advocates argue that this should be the case, civil rights advocates gainsay this standpoint. The tension has been aggravated following September 11 Terrorist Attacks. As already stated, September 11 Terrorist Attacks serve as a watershed in the development of the tension between national security policy and the protection of civil liberties. As a way of responding to the September 11 Attacks, the US Congress passed the US Patriot Act 2001 on October 26, 2001. While the Patriot Act 2001 would serve as a strong instrument for waging the War on Terror, there were concerns that it was also a harbinger for mass violations of individual or civil rights. Particularly, Section 206 of the US Patriot Act 2001 allows Homeland Security officials and other security officers to use roving wire taps to provide law enforcement agencies with surveillance and intelligence. This move is a violation of the right to privacy which is well protected in the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution (White, 2003). Again, Section 215 of the Patriot Act 2001 gives law enforcement agencies the legal authority to access tangible pieces of details of American citizens and the rest of inhabitants in the United States. This is in violation to some civil rights that are enshrined in the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment accords US Citizens the right to be secure or safe in their person, areas of residence, papers and personal effects from unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment continues that these rights shall not be violated unless there is an issuance of the arrest or search warrant and/ or probable cause. This probable cause had to be in turn confirmed by the Oath of Affirmation. Section 215 of the Patriot Act 2001 is an affront to the right to privacy and the freedom from unlawful arrest. As if the foregoing is

Human Rights in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Rights in Islam - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to explore the UDHR and compare it to the stipulations of Islam, finding similarities and differences between the two. This will show that, whilst the majority of the articles represent facets of Islam, there are a number of areas in which the UDHR fails to represent this religious tradition. One of the most obvious similarities between Shariah law and the UDHR is that they both oppose discrimination based on race, gender, language, nationality or religion. The Quran suggests that ‘when the Trumpet is blown, no ties of kinship will exist between them on that day, nor may they question one another’ (The Quran, 23:101). This essentially makes reference to the fact that Allah will not discriminate based on these things on judgement day. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) is essentially an Islamic version of the UDHR, and also includes this sentiment as the very most important thing, which suggests that there is a high amount of compatibility between the two. Islam itself is seen to be a very all-encompassing religion, as it encourages people of all races to convert to the religion, again suggesting that the UNDR and Islam are similar in content in this department. Another element that is common to both the UNDR and Islam is the focus on women’s rights and equality between genders. For example, the CDHRI suggests that women have ‘equal human dignity’ (Hashimi, 1997) and therefore should be treated as well as men are. Islam and the CDHRI also both place emphasis on the fact that men and women both have the right to choose their own spouses regardless of race or pressure from outside parties. The UDHR also expresses this, suggesting that ‘Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution’ (United Nation s, 2012, Article 16). The reference to dissolution is also important, as Islam is well-regarded for being one of the first religions to allow women the right to divorce their own husbands by choice (Hashimi, 1997). Both Islam and the UDHR place an emphasis on living quality. It seems sensible to both parties to encourage living standards to be the best possible, as all humans have the right to live cleanly and safely. The Quran puts this sentiment very nicely, suggesting that ‘he who saves a life will be as if he had saved the lives of all humankind’ (The Qur’an, 5:32). There are further quotes which support the fact that Islam is for the preservation of human life, rather than destroying it, and saving a life is incredibly important in the religion. The aim of Islam is to ensure that everyone lives a long and happy life (Hashimi, 1997). Similarly, the UDHR suggests, in article 25, that ‘everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family’ (United Nations, 2012). This is yet more evidence for the fact that the UDHR and Islam stand for several similar principles in a number of matters. There are, however, a number of times in

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Coursework Example The government also wants that the economy function at the full employment level, so that all the people who are capable and willing to work would be able to attain a job, however the natural rate of unemployment will never be zero due to seasonal, structural and other reasons. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Zero inflation is considered bad for the economy; however, the inflation rate shouldn’t be too high or even too low in the economy and shouldn’t change rapidly. The government wants to sustain the inflation at a moderate and sustainable level. The prices and accordingly the demand of goods and services will vary according to the price level and therefore it is important that the general price level remain stable in the economy. Lastly, the government also aims at keeping their finances sound as well as the balance of payments account. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) However it is difficult to classify the objectives in order of their importance. And this makes the task of the go vernment difficult due to clashing objectives and a tradeoff needs to be made. Such as a policy that would perhaps stimulate overall demand or aggregate demand in the short run may reduce unemployment but that may increase inflation in the long run and go against the government’s objective of maintaining moderate inflation rate. This may also lead to a worsening of the balance of payment position and the government needs to make a choice as to what is more important. At the same time, growth and inflation are considered to be of utmost importance because growth is what improves the standard of living for people and controlling inflation also leads to general price levels being stable and thus attaining the goal of sustainable growth. Inflation is supposed to be the most important goal to achieve since it is believed that the other aims would be difficult to achieve in the long run if the sustainable inflation rate is missed. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Governments can employ two policies in times of a recession, that is, a decline in GDP as well in times of expansion, that is, a rise in the GDP level. And these are: fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies involve government expenditure and taxes to increase or decrease the economic activity. There are two types of fiscal policies: contractionary and expansionary fiscal policies. Contractionary fiscal policy is when the government spends less that the tax revenue, that is, the taxes are higher and government spends less on the economy to finance their debt. They also try to increase public sector borrowing requirement. An expansionary fiscal policy is used to expand the economy when it is in recession by the government spending increasing and a reduction in taxes. This leaves people with more disposable income and consumption and spending in the economy increases overall. The figure for an expansionary fiscal policy is shown below: A situation where G=T is one where the overall tax revenue funds the o verall government spending and this is called a neutral fiscal policy and is applied in an economy which is in equilibrium. Fiscal policies can help with the objectives of achieving a stable growth rate, full employment and price stability. However, government spending and borrowing can also lead to high interest rates, and when a debt is incurred, it may need to be facilitated from overseas, monetization or public borrowing. This can actually

Soft Commodity Research Paper (News Letter Form)

Soft Commodity (News Letter Form) - Research Paper Example 4). Additionally, production shifted from Gulf Coast regions to more efficient growing areas. However, due to the decrease in demand in rice during 2008, the price of rice has significantly increased. But with the aid of the structural changes, the US rice industry has managed to cope and since then the trend of the demand has normalized. Currently, rice is valued in the market at $578.36 per metric ton. According to World Bank’s bi-annual Global Economic Prospects (26) report, a decline on the prices of global prices of farm commodities should be expected in 2012 by up to 11% mainly due because of the slowdown in demand and improved supply prospects. Although returns to rice production are highly variable and fluctuating, the trend is being controlled with the substantial structural changes that are being implemented in order to balance these factors. In the years to come, as the World Bank has predicted, rice prices will continually drop. And unlike other agricultural products, the rice industry has enjoyed a decline in its

Poloypharmacy in the elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poloypharmacy in the elderly - Essay Example Polypharmacy means "many drugs" or the use of more medication than is clinically indicated or warranted (Fulton 2005). It is a problem with significant concern because; it leads to more adverse drug reactions and decreased adherence to drug regimens. The patient may have poor quality of life, high rate of symptomatology and unwarranted drug expenses. Polypharmacy is more of a concern in the elderly because, illness is more common in the elderly and hence the number of prescribed drugs also is more. Although elderly people (>65 years of age) form only about 12 % of population, they represent about 33% of prescription drug and 40% of over-the-counter drug consumers (â€Å"Polypharmacy in the elderly†). Also, the pharmacokinetics of the aged is so different that the effects of the drugs are more. The important age-related changes that affect the pharmacokinetics of the aged are, decrease in lean body mass and total body weight, increased percentage of body fat, decreased protein binding of drugs, increase in volume of distribution for lipophilic drugs that penetrate the central nervous system, decline in the metabolic capacity of the liver, decreased liver mass and hepatic blood flow, decreased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. There may also be changes in the receptor numbers, affinity, and post receptor cellular effects (Laird, â€Å"Polypharmacy in the elderly†). Along with these, the changes in the homeostatic mechanisms can increase or decrease drug sensitivity. The main concern of polypharmacy in the elderly is adverse drug reactions. The adverse drug events not only are the cause for falls, fractures, cognitive dysfunction, postural hypotension, electrolyte disorders and cardiac failure, but also account for about 23% of hospital admissions in the elderly (Brazeau 2001). Drug interactions are responsible for 15-20% of these adverse reactions (Brazeau 2001). Studies have shown that the incidence of adverse drug interactions increases